The New York Times is an American daily newspaper A newspaper is a publication containing news, information, and advertising. General-interest newspapers often feature articles on political events, crime, business, art/entertainment, society and sports. Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing columns that express the personal opinions of writers. Supplementary sections founded in 1851 and published in New York City New York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is among the most populous urban areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over worldwide commerce, finance, culture, fashion and entertainment. As host of the United Nations headquarters, it is. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"—named for its staid appearance and style—is regarded as a national newspaper of record Newspaper of record is a term that may refer either to any publicly available newspaper that has been authorized by a government to publish public or legal notices, or any major newspaper that has a large circulation and whose editorial and news-gathering functions are considered professional and typically authoritative. The Times is owned by The New York Times Company The New York Times Company is an American media company best known as the publisher of its namesake, The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. has served as Chairman of the Board since 1997, which publishes 18 other newspapers, including the International Herald Tribune The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English-language international newspaper. It combines the resources of its own correspondents with those of The New York Times and is printed at 35 sites throughout the world, for sale in more than 180 countries. The IHT is part of The New York Times Company and The Boston Globe The Boston Globe is an American daily newspaper based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Globe has been owned by The New York Times Company since 1993. Its chief print rival is the Boston Herald. In 2008 the Globe's average weekday circulation fell to 350,605, down from 382,503, or 8.3%. Sunday circulation fell 6.5% to 525,959. The company's chairman is Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. Sulzberger was born in Mount Kisco, New York, the son of Barbara Winslow and the previous Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, and the grandson of another Times publisher, Arthur Hays Sulzberger. He is married to artist and journalist Gail Gregg. They recently announced plans to end their marriage, whose family has controlled the paper since 1896.

The paper's motto, as printed in the upper left-hand corner of the front page, is "All the News That's Fit to Print." It is organized into sections: News, Opinions, Business, Arts, Science, Sports, Style, and Features. The Times stayed with the eight-column format for several years after most papers switched to six columns, and it was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography Color photography is photography that uses media capable of representing colors which are produced chemically during the photographic processing phase. It is contrasted with black-and-white photography, which uses media capable only of showing shades of gray, and does not include hand colored photographs. Some examples of color photography include. The Times has won 101 Pulitzer Prizes The Pulitzer Prize is a U.S. award for achievements in newspaper journalism, literature and musical composition. It was established by Hungarian-American publisher Joseph Pulitzer and is administered by Columbia University in New York City, the most of any news organization.^[2] Its website is the most popular American online newspaper website as of December 2008, receiving over 18 million unique visitors in that month.^[3]

History

The New York Times was founded on September 18, 1851, by journalist and politician Henry Jarvis Raymond Henry Jarvis Raymond was an American journalist and politician and founder of the The New York Times, the second chairman of the Republican National Committee The Republican National Committee provides national leadership for the Republican Party of the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising and election strategy. It is also responsible for organizing and running the Republican National Convention. Similar, and former banker George Jones George Jones was an American journalist who co-founded with Henry Jarvis Raymond the New-York Daily Times, now the New York Times, publishing its first issue on September 18, 1851 as the New-York Daily Times. Sold at an original price of one cent per copy, the inaugural edition attempted to address the various speculations on its purpose and positions that preceded its release:^[4]

We shall be Conservative, in all cases where we think Conservatism essential to the public good;—and we shall be Radical in everything which may seem to us to require radical treatment and radical reform. We do not believe that everything in Society is either exactly right or exactly wrong;—what is good we desire to preserve and improve;—what is evil, to exterminate, or reform.

The paper changed its name to The New York Times in 1857. The newspaper was originally published every day but Sunday, but on April 21, 1861, due to the demand for daily coverage of the Civil War The American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the U.S. federal government (the the Times, along with other major dailies, started publishing Sunday issues. One of the earliest public controversies in which the paper was involved was the Mortara Affair, an affair that was the object of twenty editorials in the Times alone. ^[5]

The paper's influence grew during 1870–71 when it published a series of exposés of Boss Tweed William Marcy Tweed , known as "Boss Tweed," was an American politician most famous for his leadership of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City, a director of the Erie that led to the end of the Tweed Ring William Marcy Tweed , known as "Boss Tweed," was an American politician most famous for his leadership of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City, a director of the Erie's domination of New York's City Hall New York City Hall is located at the center of City Hall Park in the Civic Center section of Lower Manhattan between Broadway, Park Row and Chambers Street. The building itself is the oldest City Hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions, such as the office of the Mayor of New York City and the chambers of the.^[6] In the 1880s, the Times transitioned from supporting Republican The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by abolitionists in 1854, it is often called the Grand Old Party or the GOP. Today the party supports a center-right platform candidates to becoming politically independent; in 1884, the paper supported Democrat The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. It is the oldest political party in continuous operation in the United States and it is one of the oldest parties in the world. Today, the party supports a center-left platform.[citation needed] Grover Cleveland Stephen Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897) and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents. He was the winner of the popular vote for President three times—in 1884, 1 in his first presidential election. While this move hurt the Times's readership, the paper regained most of its lost ground within a few years.^[7]

The Times was acquired by Adolph Ochs Adolph Simon Ochs was an American newspaper publisher and former owner of The New York Times and The Chattanooga Times (now the Chattanooga Times Free Press), publisher of The Chattanooga Times The Chattanooga Times Free Press is a daily broadsheet newspaper published in Chattanooga, Tennessee by Tom Griscom and is distributed in the metro Chattanooga region. It is one of Tennessee's major newspapers, in 1896. The following year, he coined the paper's slogan, "All The News That's Fit To Print";^[7] this was a jab at competing papers such as the New York World The New York World was a newspaper published in New York from 1860 until 1931. It played a major role in the history of American newspapers and the New York Journal American The New York Journal American was a newspaper published from 1937 to 1966. The Journal American was the product of a merger between two New York newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst: The New York American , a morning paper, and the New York Evening Journal, an afternoon paper. Both were published by Hearst from 1895-1937. The Journal- which were known for lurid yellow journalism Yellow journalism is a type of journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers. It may feature exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, sensationalism, or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists. Campbell defines Yellow Press newspapers as having daily multi-. Under his guidance, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, and reputation. In 1904, the Times received the first on-the-spot wireless Wireless communication is the transfer of info. over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or "wires". The distances involved may be short or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear, the term is often shortened to "wireless". Wireless communication is transmission from a naval battle, a report of the destruction of the Russian fleet The Russian Navy or VMF (Russian: Военно-Морской Флот России- Voyenno-Morskoy Flot Rossii (VMF) or literally Military Maritime Fleet of Russia) is the naval arm of the Russian Armed Forces. The international designation of Russian naval vessels is "RFS" - "Russian Federation Ship" at the Battle of Port Arthur The Battle of Port Arthur was the starting battle of the Russo-Japanese War. It began with a surprise night attack by a squadron of Japanese destroyers on the Russian fleet anchored at Port Arthur, Manchuria, and continued with an engagement of major surface combatants the following morning. The battle ended inconclusively, and further skirmishing in the Yellow Sea The Yellow Sea is the name given to the northern part of the East China Sea, which is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It is located between mainland China and the Korean peninsula. Its name comes from the sand particles from Gobi Desert sand storm that turn the surface of the water golden yellow during sunset and can be seen while sailing or from the press-boat Haimun during the Russo-Japanese war The Russo-Japanese War (Japanese: 日露戦争; Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō; Russian: Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna; simplified Chinese: 日 . In 1910, the first air delivery of the Times to Philadelphia Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania and the sixth-most-populous city in the United States began.^[7] The Times' first trans-Atlantic delivery to London occurred in 1919. In 1920, a "4 A.M. Airplane Edition" was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening.^[8]

In the 1940s, the paper extended its breadth and reach. The crossword The New York Times crossword puzzle is a daily puzzle found in The New York Times and online at the paper's website. It is also syndicated to over 300 other newspapers and journals. The puzzle is created by various freelance writers and is edited by Will Shortz. The puzzle becomes increasingly difficult throughout the week, with the easiest puzzle began appearing regularly in 1942, and the fashion section in 1946. The Times began an international edition in 1946. The international edition stopped publishing in 1967, when it joined the owners of the New York Herald Tribune The New York Herald Tribune was a daily newspaper created in 1924 when the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald. The Herald Tribune was a leading Republican paper, and a voice for moderate "internationalist" Republicans as opposed to the "isolationist" variety represented by the Chicago Tribune. With a nation-wide and The Washington Post The Washington Post is the newspaper with the largest circulation in Washington, D.C. and is the city's oldest paper, founded in 1877. Being located in the nation's capital, it has a particular emphasis on national politics and international affairs. It is a newspaper of record and a regional paper; only D.C., Maryland, and Virginia editions are to publish the International Herald Tribune The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English-language international newspaper. It combines the resources of its own correspondents with those of The New York Times and is printed at 35 sites throughout the world, for sale in more than 180 countries. The IHT is part of The New York Times Company in Paris. The paper bought a classical radio station (WQXR WQXR-FM is a classical radio station based in New York City, licensed to The New York Times. It broadcasts from the top of the Empire State Building, and is the most listened-to classical music station in the United States, with an average quarter-hour audience of 63,000. On the air since 1939, WQXR-FM is also one of the oldest continuously) in 1946.^[9] In addition to owning WQXR, the newspaper also formerly owned its AM sister, WQEW WQEW is a Radio Disney affiliate licensed to New York City. Its transmitter is located in Maspeth, Queens. WQEW has a transmitter power of 50,000 watts and is listed as a Clear channel station. On some nights, WQEW can be picked up loud and clear as far West as Cleveland, Ohio, where it out performs WWMK AM 1260 in its distance areas (1560 AM).^[10] The classical music format was simulcast on both frequencies until the early 1990s, when the big-band and standards music format of WNEW-AM (now WBBR WBBR is a radio station, broadcasting at 1130 AM in New York City. It airs Bloomberg Radio, a service of Bloomberg L.P.. Its transmitters are located in Carlstadt, New Jersey. WBBR's format is financial news, offering a mixture of domestic and foreign financial market updates and interviews with corporate executives and industry analysts, 24 hours) moved from 1130 AM to 1560. The AM station changed its call letters from WQXR to WQEW.^[11] By the beginning of the 21st century, the Times was leasing WQEW to ABC Radio Citadel Media is an American radio network owned and operated by Citadel Broadcasting. It currently controls many of the assets of the former ABC Radio Networks, which Citadel bought in June 2007. Prominent programming heard through Citadel includes Mark Levin, Don Imus, and Sean Hannity for its Radio Disney Radio Disney is a radio network originally based in Dallas, Texas. In early November 2008, Radio Disney moved their on air studios to Burbank, California. Radio Disney broadcasts music and other content targeted at children and young teenagers; its format can be described as a youth-friendly contemporary hit radio. It is a subsidiary of The Walt format, which continues on 1560 AM. Disney The Walt Disney Company , often simply known as Disney, is the largest media and entertainment conglomerate in the world, known for its family-friendly products. Founded on October 16, 1923, by brothers Walt Disney and Roy Disney as an animation studio, it has become one of the biggest Hollywood studios, and owner and licensor of eleven theme became the owner of WQEW in 2007.^[10]

The New York Times trails in circulation only to USA Today USA Today is a national American daily newspaper published by the Gannett Company. It was founded by Allen 'Al' Neuharth. The paper has the widest circulation of any newspaper in the United States (averaging over 2.11 million copies every weekday), and among English-language broadsheets, it comes second worldwide, behind only the 2.6 million daily and The Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal is an English-language international daily newspaper published by Dow Jones & Company, a division of News Corporation, in New York City, with Asian and European editions. As of 2007, it has a worldwide daily circulation of more than 2 million, with approximately 931,000 paying online subscribers. It was the largest-. The newspaper is owned by The New York Times Company The New York Times Company is an American media company best known as the publisher of its namesake, The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. has served as Chairman of the Board since 1997, in which descendants of Adolph Ochs, principally the Sulzberger family, maintain a dominant role. In March 2009, the paper reported a circulation of 1,039,031 copies on weekdays and 1,451,233 copies on Sundays.^[12] In the New York City metropolitan area The New York metropolitan area or Tri-State Region is the most populous metropolitan area in the United States and is also one of the most populous in the world. The metropolitan area is defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget as the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, New York-New Jersey-Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical, the paper costs $2 Monday through Saturday and $5 on Sunday. The Times has won 101 Pulitzer Prizes The Pulitzer Prize is a U.S. award for achievements in newspaper journalism, literature and musical composition. It was established by Hungarian-American publisher Joseph Pulitzer and is administered by Columbia University in New York City, more than any other newspaper.^[13][14]

In addition to its New York City headquarters, the Times has 16 news bureaus in New York State, 11 national news bureaus and 26 foreign news bureaus.^[15] The New York Times reduced its page width to 12 inches (300 mm) from 13.5 inches (340 mm) on August 6, 2007, adopting the width that has become the US newspaper industry standard.^[16]

Because of its steadily declining sales in recent decades, the Times has been going through a downsizing for several years, offering buyouts to workers and cutting expenses,^[17] in common with a general trend among print newsmedia.

The newspaper's first building was located at 113 Nassau Street Nassau Street is a street in the Financial District of the New York City borough of Manhattan, located near Pace University and New York City Hall. It starts at Wall Street and runs north to Frankfort Street at the foot of the Brooklyn Bridge, lying one block east of Broadway and east of Park Row in New York City. In 1854, it moved to 138 Nassau Street, and in 1858 it moved to 41 Park Row 41 Park Row, often called the New York Times Building is located near New York City Hall in the New York City borough of Manhattan, was the longtime home of The New York Times, until it moved to Longacre Square, now known as Times Square. As of 2008[update], the building still stands as the oldest of the surviving buildings of what was once ", making it the first newspaper in New York City housed in a building built specifically for its use.^[18] The paper moved its headquarters to 1475 Broadway One Times Square is a 25 story, 365 foot (110.6 m) high skyscraper in at 42nd and Broadway in Times Square in 1904, in an area called Long Acre Square, which was renamed to Times Square. The top of the building is the site of the New Year's Eve tradition of lowering a lighted ball, which was started by the paper. The building is also notable for its electronic news ticker, where headlines crawled around the outside of the building. It is still in use, but is not operated by the Times. After nine years in Times Square, an Annex was built at 229 West 43rd Street. After several expansions, it became the company's headquarters in 1913, and the building on Broadway was sold in 1961. Until June 2007, The Times, from which Times Square gets its name, was published at offices at West 43rd Street; the paper stopped printing papers there on June 15, 1997.^[19]

The newspaper remained there until June 2007, when it moved three blocks south to 620 Eighth Avenue between West 40th and 41st Streets, in Manhattan. The new headquarters for the newspaper, The New York Times Building, is a skyscraper designed by Renzo Piano.^[20][21]

Times v. Sullivan

The paper's involvement in a 1964 libel case helped bring one of the key United States Supreme Court decisions supporting freedom of the press, New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. In it, the United States Supreme Court established the "actual malice" standard for press reports about public officials or public figures to be considered defamatory or libelous. The malice standard requires the plaintiff in a defamation or libel case prove the publisher of the statement knew the statement was false or acted in reckless disregard of its truth or falsity. Because of the high burden of proof on the plaintiff, and difficulty in proving what is inside a person's head, such cases by public figures rarely succeed.^[22]

The Pentagon Papers

In 1971, the Pentagon Papers, a secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political and military involvement in the Vietnam War from 1945 to 1971, were given ("leaked") to Neil Sheehan of The New York Times by former State Department official Daniel Ellsberg, with his friend Anthony Russo assisting in copying them. The Times began publishing excerpts as a series of articles on June 13. Controversy and lawsuits followed. The papers revealed, among other things, that the government had deliberately expanded its role in the war by conducting air strikes over Laos, raids along the coast of North Vietnam, and offensive actions taken by U.S. Marines well before the public was told about the actions, and while President Lyndon B. Johnson had been promising not to expand the war. The document increased the credibility gap for the U.S. government, and hurt efforts by the Nixon administration to fight the on-going war.^[23]

When the Times began publishing its series, President Richard Nixon became incensed. His words to National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger included "people have gotta be put to the torch for this sort of thing..." and "let's get the son-of-a-bitch in jail."^[24] After failing to get the Times to stop publishing, Attorney General John Mitchell and President Nixon obtained a federal court injunction that the Times cease publication of excerpts. The newspaper appealed and the case began working through the court system. On June 18, 1971, The Washington Post began publishing its own series. Ben Bagdikian, a Post editor, had obtained portions of the papers from Ellsberg. That day the Post received a call from the Assistant Attorney General, William Rehnquist, asking them to stop publishing. When the Post refused, the U.S. Justice Department sought another injunction. The U.S. District court judge refused, and the government appealed. On June 26, 1971 the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to take both cases, merging them into New York Times Co. v. United States 403 US 713. On June 30, 1971 the Supreme Court held in a 6–3 decision that the injunctions were unconstitutional prior restraints and that the government had not met the burden of proof required. The justices wrote nine separate opinions, disagreeing on significant substantive issues. While it was generally seen as a victory for those who claim the First Amendment enshrines an absolute right to free speech, many felt it a lukewarm victory, offering little protection for future publishers when claims of national security were at stake.^[23]

Ownership

The Ochs-Sulzberger family, one of the United States' newspaper dynasties, has owned The Times since 1896.^[7] After the publisher went public in the 1960s, the family continued to exert control through its ownership of the vast majority of Class B voting shares. Class A shareholders cannot vote on many important matters relating to the company, while Class B shareholders can vote on all matters. Dual-class structures caught on in the mid-20th century as families such as the Grahams of the Washington Post Company sought to gain access to public capital without losing control. Dow Jones & Co., publisher of The Wall Street Journal, had a similar structure and was controlled by the Bancroft family; the company was later bought by the News Corporation in 2007.^[25]

The Ochs-Sulzberger family trust controls roughly 88 percent of the company's class B shares. Any alteration to the dual-class structure must be ratified by six of eight directors who sit on the board of the Ochs-Sulzberger family trust. The Trust board members are Daniel H. Cohen, James M. Cohen, Lynn G. Dolnick, Susan W. Dryfoos, Michael Golden, Eric M. A. Lax, Arthur O. Sulzberger, Jr. and Cathy J. Sulzberger.^[26]

Missed Print Dates

Due to strikes, the regular edition of the New York Times was not printed during the following periods:^[27]

• December 9, 1962 to March 31, 1963. Only a western edition was printed.
• September 17, 1965 to October 10, 1965. An international edition was printed, and a weekend edition replaced the Saturday and Sunday papers.
• August 10, 1978 to November 5, 1978. A multi-union strike shut down the three major New York City newspapers. No editions of the Times were printed. Two months into the strike, a parody of the Times called "Not The New York Times" was given out in New York, with contributors such as Carl Bernstein, Christopher Cerf, Tony Hendra and George Plimpton.

No editions were printed on January 2 of 1852–1853 and of 1862–1867. No editions were printed on July 5 of 1861–1865.

Content

Sections

This newspaper is organized in three sections including the magazine.

1. News: Includes International, National, Washington, Business, Technology, Science, Health, Sports, The Metro Section, Education, Weather, and Obituaries.
2. Opinion: Includes Editorials, Op-Eds and Letters to the Editor.
3. Features: Includes Arts, Movies, Theater, Travel, NYC Guide, Dining & Wine, Home & Garden, Fashion & Style, Crossword, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine, and Week in Review

Some sections, such as Metro, are only found in the editions of the paper distributed in the New York-New Jersey-Connecticut Tri-State Area and not in the national or Washington, D.C. editions. Aside from a weekly roundup of reprints of editorial cartoons from other newspapers, the Times does not have its own staff editorial cartoonist, nor does it feature a comics page or Sunday comics section.^[28] In September 2008, the Times announced that it will be combining certain sections effective October 6, 2008, in editions printed in the New York metropolitan area. The changes will fold the Metro Section into the main International / National news section and combine Sports and Business (except Saturday through Monday, when Sports will still be printed as a standalone section). This change also included having the name of the Metro section be called New York outside of the Tri-State Area. The presses used by the Times allow four sections to be printed simultaneously; as the paper had included more than four sections all days except Saturday, the sections had to be printed separately in an early press run and collated together. The changes will allow the Times to print in four sections Monday through Wednesday, in addition to Saturday. The Times' announcement stated that the number of news pages and employee positions will remain unchanged, with the paper realizing cost savings by cutting overtime expenses.^[29]

Style

When referring to people, the Times generally uses honorifics, rather than unadorned last names (except in the sports pages, Book Review and Magazine). The newspaper's headlines tend to be verbose, and, for major stories, come with subheadings giving further details, although it is moving away from this style. It stayed with an eight-column format until September 1976, years after other papers had switched to six,^[30] and it was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography, with the first color photograph on the front page appearing on October 16, 1997.^[31] In the absence of a major headline, the day's most important story generally appears in the top-right hand column, on the main page. The typefaces used for the headlines are custom variations of Cheltenham. The running text is set at 8.7 point Imperial.^[32]

Joining a roster of other major American newspapers in recent years, including USA Today, The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post, The New York Times announced on July 18, 2006, that it would be narrowing the size of its paper by one and a half inches. In an era of dwindling circulation and significant advertising revenue losses for most print versions of American newspapers, the move, which was also announced would result in a five percent reduction in news coverage, would have a target savings of $12 million a year for the paper.^[33] The change from the traditional 54-inches broadsheet style to a more compact 48-inch web width was addressed by both Executive Editor Bill Keller and The New York Times President Scott Heekin-Canedy in memos to the staff. Keller defended the "more reader-friendly" move indicating that in cutting out the "flabby or redundant prose in longer pieces" the reduction would make for a better paper. Similarly, Keller confronted the challenges of covering news with "less room" by proposing more "rigorous editing" and promised an ongoing commitment to "hard-hitting, ground-breaking journalism".^[34] The official change went in to effect on August 6, 2007.^[35]

The New York Times printed an advertisement on its first page on January 6, 2009, breaking tradition at the paper.^[36] The advertisement for CBS was in color and was the entire width of the page.^[37] The newspaper promised it would only place first-page advertisements on the lower half of the page.^[36]

Web presence

The Times has had a strong presence on the Web since 1995, and has been ranked one of the top Web sites. Accessing some articles requires registration, though this can be bypassed by using a link generator or in some cases through Times RSS feeds.^[38] The website had 555 million pageviews in March 2005.^[39] The domain nytimes.com attracted at least 146 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study. The Times website ranks 59th by number of unique visitors, with over 20 million unique visitors in March 2009 making it the most visited newspaper site with more that twice the number of unique visitors as the next most popular site.^[40] Also, as of May 2009, nytimes.com produced 22 of the 50 most popular newspaper blogs.^[41]

In September 2005, the paper decided to begin subscription-based service for daily columns in a program known as TimesSelect, which encompassed many previously free columns. Until being discontinued two years later, TimesSelect cost $7.95 per month or $49.95 per year,^[42] though it was free for print copy subscribers and university students and faculty.^[43][44] To work around this, bloggers often reposted TimesSelect material,^[45] and at least one site once compiled links of reprinted material.^[46] On September 17, 2007, The Times announced that it would stop charging for access to parts of its Web site, effective at midnight the following day, reflecting a growing view in the industry that subscription fees cannot outweigh the potential ad revenue from increased traffic on a free site.^[47] In addition to opening almost the entire site to all readers, Times news archives from 1987 to the present are available at no charge, as well as those from 1851 to 1922, which are in the public domain.^[48][49] Access to the Premium Crosswords section continues to require either home delivery or a subscription for $6.95 per month or $39.95 per year. Times columnists including Nicholas Kristof and Thomas Friedman had criticized TimesSelect,^[50][51] with Friedman going so far as to say "I hate it. It pains me enormously because it’s cut me off from a lot, a lot of people, especially because I have a lot of people reading me overseas, like in India ... I feel totally cut off from my audience."^[52]

The Times is also the first newspaper to offer a video game as part of its editorial content, Food Import Folly by Persuasive Games.^[53]

Mobile presence

The Times Reader is a digital version of the Times. It was created via a collaboration between the newspaper and Microsoft. Times Reader takes the principles of print journalism and applies them to the technique of online reporting. Times Reader uses a series of technologies developed by Microsoft and their Windows Presentation Foundation team. It was announced in Seattle in April 2006 by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., Bill Gates, and Tom Bodkin.

In 2008, the Times created an app for the iPhone and iPod touch which allowed users to download articles to their mobile device enabling them to read the paper even when they were unable to receive a signal. "I cannot stress enough how great this application is. The New York Times Production Team got it right because they designed an app that carefully considered the many obstacles a commuting reader has, especially dead zones in subways and other locations." said a review form the Industry Standard.

The New York Times in Moscow

Communication with its Russian readers is a special project of The New York Times launched at February 2008, guided by Clifford J. Levy. Some NYT articles covering the broad spectrum of political and social topics in Russia are being translated into Russian and offered for attention of Russia's bloggers in the NYT community blog.^[54] After that, selected responses of Russian bloggers are being translated into English and published at The New York Times site among comments from English readers.^[55][56]

Controversy

The paper has often been accused of giving too little or too much coverage to events for reasons not related to objective journalism. Before and during World War II, the newspaper downplayed the Third Reich targeting of Jews for genocide, in part because the publisher, who was Jewish, feared the taint of taking on any "Jewish cause".^[57] During the war, Times journalist William L. Laurence was “on the payroll of the War Department."^[58][59] Another serious charge is the accusation that the Times, through its coverage of the Soviet Union by correspondent Walter Duranty, failed to expose the Ukrainian famine of the 1930s.^[60][61]

Jayson Blair was a Times reporter who was forced to resign from the newspaper in May 2003, after he was caught plagiarizing and fabricating elements of his stories. Some critics contended that Blair's race was a major factor in the Times' initial reluctance to fire him.^[62] Reporter Judith Miller retired after criticisms that her reporting of the lead-up to the Iraq war was factually inaccurate and overtly favorable to the Bush administration's position, for which the Times was forced to apologize.^[63][64] One of Miller's prime sources was Ahmed Chalabi, who after US occupation became the interim oil minister of Iraq and is now head of the Iraqi services committee.^[65] However, reporter Michael R. Gordon, who shared byline credit with Miller on some of the early Iraq stories, continues to report on military affairs for the Times.^[66]

The Times has been variously described as having a liberal bias or described as being a liberal newspaper,^[67][68] or of having a conservative bias on certain issues or by some writers.^[69][70]

Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, a progressive media criticism organization, has accused The New York Times of following the "Reagan administration's PR strategy" in the 1980s by "emphasizing liberal repressive measures in Nicaragua [by the leftist Sandinista government] and downplaying or ignoring more serious human rights abuses elsewhere in Central America" (namely in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, countries with governments backed by the Reagan administration).^[71]

According to a 2007 survey by Rasmussen Reports of public perceptions of major media outlets, 40% believe the Times has a liberal slant and 11% believe it has a conservative slant.^[72] In December 2004 a University of California, Los Angeles study gave the Times a score of 73.7 on a 100 point scale, with 0 being most conservative and 100 being most liberal.^[73] The validity of the study has been questioned by various organizations, including the liberal media watchdog group Media Matters for America.^[74] In mid-2004, the newspaper's then public editor (ombudsman), Daniel Okrent, wrote a piece in which he concluded that the Times did have a liberal bias in coverage of certain social issues such as gay marriage. He claimed that this bias reflected the paper's cosmopolitanism, which arose naturally from its roots as a hometown paper of New York City. Okrent did not comment at length on the issue of bias in coverage of "hard news," such as fiscal policy, foreign policy, or civil liberties, but did state that the paper's coverage of the Iraq war was insufficiently critical of the George W. Bush administration.^[75]

For its coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, both sides have claimed that the paper is biased in favor of its opponent.^[76][77][78] However, as public editor Clark Hoyt concluded in his January 10, 2009 column, "Though the most vociferous supporters of Israel and the Palestinians do not agree, I think The Times, largely barred from the battlefield and reporting amid the chaos of war, has tried its best to do a fair, balanced and complete job — and has largely succeeded." ^[79]

See also

• List of newspapers in the United States
• New York Times Best Seller list
• The New York Times employees
• Pulitzer Prizes awarded to The New York Times staff
• Periodical publication

References

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76. ^ A New Low for the New York Times: Ethan Bronner on Gaza
77. ^ [1]
78. ^ The New York Times' Anti-Israel Bias
79. ^ [2]

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